The War on Drugs - 1580 Words

The war on drugs began in the United States in 1971 when President Richard Nixon declared war. President Nixon increased the number of federal drug control agencies, increased mandatory sentences for drug offenders, and utilized no-knock warrants in attempt to get the problem under control. It has been over forty years since President Nixon declared a war on drugs. Did America win the war on drugs? Is it time to legalize illicit drugs in this country? What are other countries doing in reference to drugs? The author will examine the history of the war on drugs in this country, how other countries deal with drugs, list the positive and negative aspect of legalizing illicit drugs, and offer his opinion as to whether drugs should be†¦show more content†¦According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse marijuana is the most common illicit drug used in the United States. Contrary to the beliefs of many, marijuana is addictive. Research suggest that approximately 9% of mar ijuana users become addicted, that the percent increases with users that start at an early age to 17%, and increases in more significantly with those that use marijuana on a daily bases to 25% to 50% becoming addicted (www.drugabuse.gov). The Benefits of Legalizing Illicit Drugs The benefits of legalizing illicit drugs are numerous and obvious to the supports of this movement. The primary benefit to legalizing illicit drugs is financial. According to the Drug Policy Alliance, the United States spends $51billion annually on the war on drugs. The benefits of legalizing illicit drugs can also be felt in the criminal justice system in this country as of 2012 there were 1.55 million people who were arrested in the United States for nonviolent drug charges, of which 749, 825 were arrested for possession of marijuana (www.drugpolicy.org). Many people believe that drug trade should be regulated by the government much like alcohol and tobacco products are currently done. Some of these people include law enforcement officers. There is an organization called LEAP or Law Enforcement against Prohibition. The spokesman for LEAP is Caption Peter ChristShow MoreRelatedThe Drug War On Drugs1378 Words   |  6 Pagesnon-violent drug charges. These people’s lives are now forever changed because of a mistake they made. This mistake is continually made every single day and Americans are being punished in extreme ways for a non violent crime. The United States needs to decimalize all drugs because the drug war is costly, causes high incarceration rates, and isn’t effective as European drug solutions. In the 20th century, the United States government led a major renewed surge in drug prohibition called the War on DrugsRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Drugs Essay972 Words   |  4 PagesThe war on drugs have been a critical issue that has repeatedly held a great debate topic. It was in the 1906 when the first act against drug was put into effect with the Pure Food and Drug Act which required all over-the-counter medication to have label of its ingredients. Under President Nixon the first executive branch office to coordinate drug policy was formed and the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act was put into place. Two years following that the Drug Enforcement AgencyRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Drugs1486 Words   |  6 PagesThe War on Drugs Despite an estimated $1 trillion spent by the United States on the â€Å"War on Drugs†, statistics from the US Department of Justice (2010) has confirmed that the usage of drugs has not changed over the past 10 years. Approximately $350 billion is spent per year on the â€Å"war on drugs†, only $7 billion is spent on prevention programs by the federal government. The war on drugs is more heavily focused on how to control crime, instead of how to prevent it. Not only is the war on drugs costlyRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Drugs Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Drug has been a serious issue in our society and criminal justice institutes due to many problems associated, including the violence, negative health benefits, social disorganization, and other negative consequences. The police agencies have adopted a policy called â€Å"The War on Drugs†, as a response to the rising drug problems. The War on Drugs has popularized variety policies and practices that significantly increased the overall number of drug arrests, and other drug related offenses(TheRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Drugs1199 Words   |  5 PagesThere was so much information on this topic of the War on Drugs that I am still wrapping my mind around it. It went into such detail about the war on drugs that are never talked about. We always hear â€Å"just say no.† I know that drugs are a very big problem in our society and even the whole world but I never knew to what extent it really was. I found it very interesting how Johann Hari interviewed these people who were in the middle of the drug war and their stories. It really opened my eyes to whatRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Drugs808 Words   |  4 PagesWhose interests are advanced by sustaining the war on drugs? Police seems to gain a lot by sustaining the â€Å"war on drug†. Drugs are a significant force in police deviance, with as many as half of all convictions in police corruption cases involving drug-related crimes. Corruption in law enforcement, courts, and corrections can be explained through egoism selfish desires for personal gain. In other cases, however, corruption might be better understood as stemming from socially hedonistic incentives;Read MoreThe War On Drugs And Drugs1821 Words   |  8 PagesThe war on drugs is a long going battle and it has created many issues all around the world and as of today the highest prison population can be found in the United States due to drug charges. About half of the inmates with in federal and state prisons can be found on drug convictions. Those charges can range from possession of an illicit substance to drug trafficking that surprisingly continues to be an issue in federal and state prisons. How can United States put an end to t he war on drugs? Read MoreThe War On Drugs And Drugs2027 Words   |  9 Pagesincreased federal spending in an attempt to curb the number of drug users and the sale and importation of illicit narcotics the war on drugs began in earnest. The war on drugs has also played a major role in politics as well as having a significant impact on the economy. While there are many arguments in favor for the war on drugs and an equal number of arguments against it I will attempt to show an unbiased look at the war on drugs and drug prohibition and how it has affected society as a whole. SinceRead MoreWar On Drugs And Drugs1952 Words   |  8 PagesWar on Drugs The war on drugs has come a long way without any remarkable success. America has been dealing with the drug menace for many years to a point that four of its presidents have declared the war on drugs part of their main agenda. Sadly, it has been a lost war in various perspectives. Drug abuse continues to be a daily topic with drug abusers flooding not only the American society but also many countries’ hospitals, prisons and courts. The drug trade has continued to cause violent crimesRead MoreThe Drug War On Drugs Essay2030 Words   |  9 Pagesthe â€Å"War on Drugs† sought to control the sale and use of psychoactive drugs as well as promote access to treatment for those who abuse and misuse these substances (Bagley, 1988; Elkins, 1990). Policies implemented prohibited the possession and distribution of narcotics (e.g. marijuana, cocaine, heroin); the punitive policies, which often resulted in hefty fines and prison sentences for violators, ultimately prompted the emer gence of a black market, more potent and lethal drugs, synthetic drugs as well

Coffee growers Free Essays

Coffee growers in poor rural areas are paid very little for their crop. What strategies are proposed in this clip for changing that situation? The strategies that are proposed in this clip for changing this situation are for coffee growers to adapt to the fair-trade market. Under the fair-trade market coffee growers will have the chance to a decent market price that will help increase their production. We will write a custom essay sample on Coffee growers or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. Now that you know something about the â€Å"sociology of coffee† and globalization, will your own consumption habits change at all? Explain why you would change or not your consumption habits. I prefer not to drink coffee as a result my consumption will not change. 3. In what ways is the â€Å"coffee-go-round† an example of what Mills called â€Å"public issues† and â€Å"private troubles?† The public issues are coffee growers in poor rural area are not paid reasonably for their crops. The private troubles are coffee growers are trapped to sell only coca because of the competitive markets and expensive expenses. 1. C. Wright Mills said that the sociological imagination comes from our ability to see the connection between â€Å"public issues† and â€Å"private troubles.† How does the narrator of this film make such a connection in his life? What are the â€Å"public issues† and the â€Å"private troubles?† The narrator of this film makes such a connection in his life by connecting his relationship with his brother through his childhood experiences and a tragic accident which created and caused a decision for his brother to go to West Point University and become a Black Hawk pilot for the army that as a result change the narrator’s connection between him and his brother through his childhood. Now having to send American troops to Iraq is a public problem and worrying to have to hear from a love one or relative going to war and not returning back to his family and tragically changing his family’s life is a private trouble. Article Questions Article 14 1. How do the authors define â€Å"early adulthood†? How do they explain the incidence of prolonged early adulthood in the United States? Early adulthood is a time of struggle to gain the skills and credentials required for a job that can support the family they wish to start and a struggle to feel in control of their lives or is when people figure out when they want to do and how best to realize their goals. The primary reason for a prolonged early adulthood is that it now takes much longer to secure a full-time job that pays enough to support a family. 2. Examine figure 2. How are the lives of young people in 2000 different from those in 1960? What do you think accounts for these differences? The lives of young people in 2000 are less successful completing the transition to adulthood than the lives from those in 1960. Young adults not finding a full-time job that pays enough to support a family. 3. Discuss positive and negative effects of postponing adulthood on parenting. How do you suspect this changes childrearing practices? How does having children change the careers of middle-aged workers? The positive effects of waiting to become a parent while in your adulthood are more likely to leave home, be financially independent, and completed schooling. The negative effects of postponing adulthood on parenting are not likely to be financially independent and completing schooling. Parents who postpone adulthood on parenting are likely to show care and loving towards their children than parents who are trying to complete their adulthood. Having children change the careers of middle aged Article 59 1. What is the Gautreaux program in Chicago and how is it departure from previous policy? The Gautreaux program in Chicago is an experiment in public housing. Such policies assume that to depopulate the ghetto, gentrify it, or blow it up is effective solution to the problems concentrated in it instead Gautreaux program try to improve the lifestyles and environment around the less unfortunate. 2. What is the relationship between the â€Å"quality of life† in neighborhoods and their crime rates (as suggested by the work of Clifford Shaw and Henry  McKay)? The relationship between the â€Å"quality of life† in neighborhoods and their crime rates are lacked to control the behavior of local youth as a result traditions of delinquency are passed on by neighborhood youth. 3. Logan refers to studies that used census data to understand variations in crime rates between neighborhoods and the demographic characteristics of their residents. Why is census data a valuable resource in this case? Can you think of ways in which the use of census data in social research might lead to questionable findings? Census data is a valuable resource in this case because it shows the average rates of juvenile delinquency in Chicago tracts that makes some neighborhoods unsafe. We can find out basic information about the size of the population, and its composition by age, gender, race and ethnicity. The use of census data in social research might lead to questionable findings as to understand what are the causes and problems that each individual face. 4. To explain the conditions in a neighborhood, Logan suggest we must answer two questions. What are these questions, and how do they differ from the approach of most studies of neighborhood inequalities? First, what happened to these places to create their conditions? Second, how and why do certain kinds of people come to live in places with such problems? The two questions are different from most studies of neighborhood inequalities because most studies of neighborhood inequalities strongly focused on race and education. How to cite Coffee growers, Papers

Social Determinants and Public Health Programmes

Question: Discuss about the Social Determinants and Public Health Programmes. Answer: Introduction: Carla is honest, hardworking, brave, sacrificing, consistent, confident and kind person. Carla maintained her honest relationship with her husband in his down period, even though he left her alone when she required his support more. She is very hardworking, as she never gave up doing job. She faced many obstacles while doing different jobs. Still, she searched new jobs at each time and earned living for herself and her children. Carla is brave because she never left fighting spirit. Carla is very kind to each and every individual she comes across. She accepted each individuals negative characters and behaved positively with each and every person. Carla is ready to sacrifice her personal happiness for the family members. She left eating proper food to save money for the purpose of visiting her daughter. Carla is consistent in her efforts to take her of her family members. Carla is confident because she took care of family on her own. Overall, Carla has all the positive characters. Car las husband is dishonest, opportunistic, introvert and fearful. Carlas husband is dishonest in his relations. He performed his duties for the family, when it suited for him. He didnt take extra efforts to look after his family. He is introvert and didnt open to anybody about his injury. He is fearful because he didnt open to about his injury in the fear of losing his job (Gehlert and Browne, 2011). Social Determinants of Health: Personal, social, economic and environmental factors which affect health of the individual person are called health determinants. In this case study, mainly three social determinants like social factors, individual behavior and biology affects health of different individual in this case study. Carla couldnt get proper education because her family was not educated. Hence, she couldnt get job in the higher position. As, a result she was doing temporary jobs to meet the daily needs of her family. Build environment of the working place for her husband gave him head injury. Build environment is one of the physical components of social factor. Due to this factor, her husband got serious head injury and depression. Public transport is also one of the physical factors responsible for health related issues. Due to high cost of the public transport, Carla couldnt visit her daughter and take care of her. This might lead to further detoriation of health of her daughter. Moreover, as she is pregn ant, it can affect health of infant also (Marmot and Wilkinson, 2005; Toba et al., 2011). As, Carla and her husband were not educated, they couldnt provide proper education to their children. Hence, their socio-economic status of living was low. People living in the low socio-economic level are low in functioning and quality of life. These people are not aware of the importance of hygiene and good health. As these people need to work, despite poor health to earn daily living for the family. It can lead to the further detoriation of the health. Carlas husband also didnt stopped working despite head injury and it resulted in the serious problem for himself and his family also. It is evident from the literature that, people with low socioeconomic status are low in health status. Individual behavior is another social determinant affecting health in this case study. Carlas husband detoriated his health due to his personal behavior like introvert nature. He didnt report his injury due to fear of losing health and resulted in the serious problem. Daughter of Carla was facing health issues due to biological reasons. She is facing gestational diabetes problem. Gestational diabetes is very common problem in the pregnant women and these women should control it otherwise it can affect health of both mother and baby. In this case, Carlas daughter was feeling tired due gestational diabetes and seek help from Carla (Braveman and Gottlieb, 2014; Cowling et al., 2014). Two Strategies to Address the Issue: Social factors of the health determinant should be addressed by the population which gets affected. Individuals of this population should identify the factors affecting their health and try to address on their own, with family members, community workers and social workers. Policy makers, legislators and officials from health department should identify issues and educate the population. They should address these issues through meetings with people and through workshops. Respected figures and well-known personalities of the society should come forward and address these issues. Because these people have good influence on all types people in the society People should be skilled enough to keep away from the unhealthy environment. This knowledge and skills can be developed in the people through community development programmes. There should be communication between the high and low socioeconomic class people. It would help to transfer awareness about the healthy life. Health related issues generally occur due to the multiple factors, hence these issues should be addressed by experts and workers from the different discipline. These collaborative efforts would bring positive changes in the multiple sectors and there would be overall improvement in the health of the whole population. Government and Non-Government organizations should come forward to improve health awareness among the people (WHO, 2010; Raphael, 2014). Addressing upstream social determinants of health : There should be knowledge about the building so that it would not affect health of the people. People should form self-help group for cleanliness of the environment, maintain hygiene, adequate food and supply of good water. Policies required for the improvement in the community health and development should be implemented effectively. Barriers for accessing health facilities should be improved. There should be equal distribution about the health care education among all classes of people. There should be preventive measures taken from the health department to prevent communicable diseases. Education should be provided to protect people from hazards in the workplace and society (Tengland, 2012; Cowling et al., 2014). Healthcare professional should give education to the people about maintaining hygiene condition and healthy food. Healthcare professional also should work towards the community safety. Healthcare professional should work towards the easy availability and accessibility of medicine to the all classes of people. Health professional also should advise community people to do exercise for healthy living. Healthcare professionals should carry out survey about the community health issues and implement strategies to address these issues. Healthcare professionals should guide the policy makers about the policies to be implemented for the improvement in the social and community health services. Healthcare professionals should advocate pro-health policies like maintenance policies, education policies, employment policies, compensation policies and tax policies. Healthcare professionals should use audio and video media effectively to address the health issues and make aware people about healthy l iving. There should be incorporation of social determinants in the medical curricula. It should comprises of population and community health coursework along with the clinical science. Healthcare professionals should address social determinants of health at both individual and population level. Healthcare professionals should collaborate with other allied health professionals, government agencies, community workers and social workers. Every hospital should designate a specialist person to address the social determinants of the health (Schofield, 2015). References: Braveman, P., and Gottlieb, L. (2014). The Social Determinants of Health: It's Time to Consider the Causes of the Causes. Public Health Reports, 129(2), 1931. Cowling, K., Dandona, R., and Dandona, L., (2014). Social determinants of health in India: progress and inequities across states. International Journal for Equity in Health, 13, p. 88. Marmot, M. and Wilkinson, R. (2005). Social Determinants of Health. OUP Oxford. Gehlert, S., and Browne, T. (2011). Handbook of Health Social Work. John Wiley Sons. Raphael, D. (2014). Beyond policy analysis: The raw politics behind opposition to healthy public policy. Health Promotion International, 30, 38096. Schofield, T., (2015). A Sociological Approach to Health Determinants. Cambridge University Press. Toba, B., Dennis, R., Ted, S., and Ronald, L. (2011). Canada: A land of missed opportunity for addressing the social determinants of health. Health Policy, 101(1), pp. 4458. Tengland, P.A. (2012). Behavior Change or Empowerment: On the Ethics of Health-Promotion Strategies. Public Health Ethics, 5(2), pp. 14053. World Health Organization. (2010). Equity, Social Determinants and Public Health Programmes. World Health Organization.

Solutions Cost Accounting Chapter Essay Example

Solutions Cost Accounting Chapter Paper Demand, ordering costs, carrying costs, and the purchase-order lead time are certain. Purchasing cost per unit is unaffected by the quantity ordered. No cookouts occur. Costs of quality and shrinkage costs are considered only to the extent that these costs affect ordering costs or carrying costs. 20-4 Costs included in the camping costs of inventory are incremental costs for such items as insurance, rent, obsolescence, spoilage, and breakage plus the opportunity cost of capital (or required return on investment). 0-5 Examples of opportunity costs relevant to the EX. decision model but typically not recorded in accounting systems are the following: 1. The return forgone by investing capital in inventory; 2. Lost contribution margin on existing sales when a Stockpot occurs; ND 3. Lost contribution margin on potential future sales that will not be made to disgruntled customers. 20-6 The steps in computing the costs of a prediction error when using the EX. decision model are: Step 1: Com pute the monetary outcome from the best action that could be taken, given the actual amount Of the cost input. Step 2: Compute the monetary outcome from the best action based on the incorrect amount Of the predicted cost input. Step 3: Compute the difference between the monetary outcomes from Steps 1 and 2. 20-1 20-7 Goal congruence issues arise when there is an inconsistency between the EX. decision model and the model used for evaluating the performance of the person implementing the model. For example, if opportunity costs are ignored in performance evaluation, the manager may be induced to purchase in a quantity larger than the EX. model indicates is optimal, 20-8 just-in-time 01 T) purchasing is the purchase to materials (or goods) so that they are delivered just as needed for production (or sales), Benefits include lower inventory holdings (reduced warehouse space required and less money tied up in inventory) and less risk of inventory obsolescence and spoilage 20-9 Factors causing reductions in the cost o place purchase orders of materials are: 0 Companies are establishing long- run purchasing agreements that define price and quality terms over an extended period. D Companies are using electronic links, such as the Internet, to place purchase orders. D Companies are increasing the use Of purchase-order cards. 20-10 Disagree. Choosing the supplier Who Offers the lowest price Will not necessarily result in the lowest total purchase cost to the buyer. This is because the price or purchase cost Of the goods is only one-?and perhaps, most Obvious element of cost associated with purchasing and managing inventories. We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions Cost Accounting Chapter specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions Cost Accounting Chapter specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions Cost Accounting Chapter specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Other elevate cost items are ordering costs, carrying costs, Stockpot costs, quality costs, and shrinkage costs. A low-cost supplier may well impose conditions on the buyer-?such as poor quality, or frequent cookouts, or excessively high inventories-?that result in high total costs of purchase, Buyers must examine all the elements of costs relevant to inventory management, not just the purchase price. 20-11 Supply-chain analysis describes the flow of goods, services, and information from the initial sources of materials and services to the delivery of products to consumers, regardless of whether those activities occur in the name company or in other companies. Sharing of information across companies enables a reduction in inventory levels at all stages, fewer cookouts at the retail level, reduced manufacture of product not subsequently demanded by retailers, and a reduction in expedited manufacturing orders, 20-12 Just-in-time (JUJU production is a -?demand-pull manufacturing system that has the following features: TTL Organize production in manufacturing cells, Hire and retain workers who are multi-skilled, C Aggressively pursue total quality management (TTS) to eliminate defects, I] Place emphasis on reducing both setup time and manufacturing cycle time, and Carefully select suppliers who are capable of delivering quality materials in a timely manner _ 20-13 Traditional normal and standard costing systems use sequential tracking, in which journal entries are recorded in the same order as actual purchases and progress in production, typically at four different trigger points in the process. Backslash costing omits recording some of the journal entries relating to the cycle from purchase of direct materials to sale of finished goods, i. E. , it has fewer trigger points at which journal entries are made. When journal entries for one or more stages in the cycle are omitted, 20-2 the journal entries for a subsequent stage use normal or standard costs to work backward to -?flush outlet the costs in the cycle for which journal entries were not made. 20-14 Versions of backslash costing differ in the number and placement to trigger points at which journal entries are made in the accounting system: Number of Journal Entry Trigger points 3 Version I Location in Cycle Where Journal Entries Made Stage A. Purchase of direct materials and incurring of conversion costs Stage C. Completion of good finished units of product Stage D. Sale of finished goods Stage A Purchase of direct materials and incurring of conversion costs Stage D. Sale of finished goods Stage C Completion of good finished units of product Stage D. Sale of finished goods Version 2 Version 3 20-15 Traditional accounting systems cost individual products, and separate product costs from selling, general, and administrative costs, Lean accounting costs the entire value stream instead of individual products. Rework costs, unused capacity costs, and common costs that cannot be reasonably assigned to value streams are excluded from value stream costs. In addition, many lean counting systems expense material costs the period they are purchased, rather than storing them on the balance sheet until the products using the material are sold. 20-16 (20 min,) Economic order quantity for retailer. L. D = 10,000 jerseys per year, P = $200, C = $7 per jersey per year EX. C 2 DIP C C 2 0 10 ,OHO O $200 = 75593 756 jerseys 7 Number Of orders per year = D 10,000 13. 221] 14 orders EX. 756 Demand each working day Purchase lead time Reorder point D 10,000 27. 40 jerseys per day Number of working days 365 = 7 days = 27. 4007 = 191. 80 0 192 jerseys 20-3 20-17 (20 min,) Economic order quantity, effect of parameter changes continuation of 20-16). 1. D = 10,000 jerseys per year, P = $30, C = $7 per jersey per year EX. Ill 2 DIP C 10 ,OHO $30 292. 7 jerseys [1 293 jerseys 7 The sizable reduction in ordering cost (from 5200 to $30 per purchase order) has reduced the EX. from 756 to 293. 2. The AT proposal has both upsides and downsides. The upside is p otentially higher sales. FEB. customers may purchase more online than it they have to physically visit a store. FEB. would also have lower administrative costs and lower inventory holding costs with the proposal. The downside is that AT could capture Fibs customers. Repeat customers to the AT be site need not be classified as BP customers. Would have to establish enforceable rules to make sure it captures ongoing revenues from customers it directs to the AP web site. There is insufficient information to determine Whether FEB. should accept TATS proposal. Much depends on whether FEB. views AT as a credible, -?honest partner. 20-18 (15 min. ) EX. for a retailer. 1. D 26,awards per year, P $165, C- $9 = $1. 80 per yard per year EX. O 2 0 26, 400 C SASS 2 DIP 0 2, 200 yards C D 26, 400 C 0 12 orders per year EX. 2, 200 Number of orders per year: Demand each working day = 105. 60 yards per day = 528 yards per week (105. 0 x 5 = Error! 26, 400 = 250 days per week) Purchasing lead time = 2 weeks Reorder point = 528 yards per week [1 2 weeks = 1 ,056 yards 20-13 (20 min. ) EX. for manufacturer. 1. Relevant carrying costs per part per year: Required annual return on investment 15% [l $60 Relevant insurance, materials handling, breakage, etc. Sots per year Relevant carrying costs per part per year $96$15 With D 18,000 parts per year; P $150: C $15 per part per year, EX. for manufacturer is: EDP 2 18,000 EX.= C 600 units C $15 2. Relevant annual = [ID [l Q [l ordering costs [l D 18 ,OHO C] ISIS D = 600 $4,500 where Q = 600 units, the EX.. 3. At the EX., total relevant ordering costs and total relevant carrying costs will be exactly equal Therefore, total relevant carrying costs at the EX. = $4,500 (from requirement 2). We can also confirm this with a direct calculation: Q C Relevant annual carrying costs [12 [I 600 ASS where Q = 600 units, the EX. 4 Purchase order lead time is half a month. Monthly demand is 18,000 units * 12 months = 1,500 units per month. Demand in half a month is Error! ; 1,500 units or 750 units. Alkaline should reorder when the inventory Of rotor blades falls to 750 units. 25 0-20 (20 min. ) Sensitivity Of EX. to changes in relevant ordering and carrying costs. 1. A straightforward approach to the requirement is to construct the following table for EX. at relevant carrying and ordering costs. Annual demand is 10,000 units. The formula for the EX. model is: EDP DIP ICQ EX. = and for Relevant Total Costs (ROTC) C C Q 2 where D demand in units per year P relevant ordering costs per purchase order C = relevant carrying costs of one unit in stock for the time period used for D (one year in this problem. Relevant ordering costs per Purchase order (P) $400 $100 EX. = 2 010, 000 0 $400 0,000 C $400 895 C D 895, ROTC-D $8, 944 $10 8952 Relevant Carrying Costs per Jinni per Year (C) $10 $20 $40 EX. = EX. 2 fill, oho 5200 10,000 $200 $47 $20 447, ROTC= 58, 944 520447 2 2 fill, oho o $100 10,000 c $100 224 0 $40 0 224, ROTC= o o $8, 944 $40 2242 2. For a given demand level, as relevant carrying costs increase and relevant ordering costs decrease, EX. becomes smaller. The change in EX. results in relevant total costs (ROTC) being the same across all three cases. That is, the EX. Offsets the effect on total costs Of the increase in carrying costs and the decrease in ordering costs. 3. If Alpha estimates C = SIS per unit per year and P = $400 per order, then from requirement 1, EX. 224 units and Relevant Total Cost (ROTC) $8,944 For EX. = 224 units, C = $20 per unit per year and P = $200 per order, DIP ICQ Relevant total costs (ROTC) -Q 2 10, OHO O $200 2240 $20 224 2 $8,929 $2,240 = $11,169 The prediction error equals SSI,169 $8,944 = SO,225 which is ($2,225 ; $8,944) of the relevant total cost had there been no prediction error. The error in prediction results is a significantly higher cost but is still limited, given that the estimate to the carrying cost was halt the actual amount and the estimate to the ordering cost was twice the actual amount. The square root function dampens the effect of the errors. 20-6 20-21 (15 min. ) Inventory management and the balanced scorecard. I _ The incremental increase in operating profits from employee cross-training (ignoring the cost of the training) is: Increased revenue from higher customer satisfaction ($5, COO,OHO x 2% x 5) $500,000 Reduced inventory-related costs 100,000 Incremental increase in operating profits (ignoring training costs) 5600. 000 2. At a cost Of $600,000, DOCS will be indifferent between current expenditures and increasing employee cross-training by 5%. Consequently, the most DOCS would be Willing to pay for this cross-training is the $600,000 benefit received. 3. Besides increasing short-term operating profits, additional employee cross-training can improve employee satisfaction because their jobs can have more variety, potentially leading to unanticipated productivity improvements and lower employee turnover. Multi. Skilled employees can also understand the production process better and can suggest potential improvements.

Vectors essays

Vectors essays "All that crap they have in the Saturday Evening Post and all, showing guys on street corners looking sore as hell because their dates are late - that's bunk. If a girl looks swell when she meets you, who gives a "Boy, when you're dead they really fix you up. I hope to hell when I do die somebody has sense enough to just dump me in the river or something. Anything except sticking me a goddamn cemetary. People coming and putting a bunch of flowers on your stomach on Sunday, and all that crap. Who want flowers when you're dead? Nobody." "It said if you had any sores in your mouth that didn't heal pretty quickly, it was a sign that you probably had cancer. I'd had this sore on the inside of my lip for about two weeks. So I figured I was getting cancer. That magazine was some little cheerer upper." "All that crap they have in the Saturday Evening Post and all, showing guys on street corners looking sore as hell because their dates are late - that's bunk. If a girl looks swell when she meets you, who gives a "Boy, when you're dead they really fix you up. I hope to hell when I do die somebody has sense enough to just dump me in the river or something. Anything except sticking me a goddamn cemetary. People coming and putting a bunch of flowers on your stomach on Sunday, and all that crap. Who want flowers when you're dead? Nobody." "It said if you had any sores in your mouth that didn't heal pretty quickly, it was a sign that you probably had cancer. I'd had this sore on the inside of my lip for about two weeks. So I figured I was getting cancer. That magazine was some little cheerer upper." ...

Change Very Fast and Covering All Aspects of the Modern Society

How Do Change Very Fast and Covering All Aspects of the Modern Society? The ICT industry is evolving every day, and from some time, there have been different changes in the system which are evident. The technology change is very fast and covering all aspects of the modern society. The concept of ICT comes up with many elements that are normally very interdependent by nature, and there is some disruption as well where one can get impacted by many other factors as well. From last many years, many experts, as well as policymakers, are always expressing a lot of concern about saving the system from some cyber attacks. Here many experts are expected to raise the overall frequency, and it is also severe in actions in coming future as well (Van den Berg et al., 2014). The overall act is about saving the ICT systems, and the overall content has become popular and called for cyber security. A broad concept can be very helpful however it tends to defy the exact definition completely. It sometimes inappropriately gets thoroughly conflated with various other theorie s and concepts like sharing information or privacy or surveillance. But, the overall concept of cyber security can be a crucial technique which protects the privacy level and also saves many unauthorized issues and monitoring along with sharing of information. It can be based on gathering many crucial tools which impact the concept. When the management is at risk related to information system is also considered as basic to being an effective tool for cyber security. The overall risks are also related to any attack that depends on three important factors. These three factors are threats which can be a case of attack or vulnerabilities which are related to the weakness of the victim and lastly impacts which discuss the overall impacts of the attack. Many kinds of cyber attacks have restricted kind of impacts however a successful one cover some vital elements of critical infrastructure where many lead by privately owned business (Van den Berg et al., 2014). It can also lead to many imp ortant impacts on the national level security as well as the economy and the basic livelihood of people of the country. Saving the critical kind of infrastructure functions have emerged as a major issue. This happens primarily due, so many money goes through a different set of the network each day, and it also involves a broad range of functions, based on e-commerce, travel, communication in general and hospitality. Distribution of electricity, water based distribution and many another kind of utility services are dependent on ICT-related infrastructure. The defense sectors also depend on electronic systems (Lam, 2016). There are many critical systems or infrastructure is mainly owned as well as functioned by the private sector. However, the important question here is that the private sector is only responsible for it and this can only mean that government has a much lesser kind of role and these are few of the crucial issues in cyber security that countries are dealing with. At a company level, the concept is merely based on technology problems, but it is also a management based problem. This is further grounded at management of risk which asks for a clearer understanding of people, process, network as well many ICT based security features (Lam, 2016). It is also normal that many organizations are actively involved in saving the infrastructure of ICT. This leads to including many privately owned operators for different pieces of the infrastructure. These types of efforts also require and it is important to be completely coordinated with integrated kind of entity, and it also serves as a united structure which is responsible for cyber security. A different set of roles, as well as responsibilities of every party, require to be defined in clear words and also the government requires to setup right kind of policy as well as legal structures. Countries like the US have further advocated for a market-based as well as voluntary kind of approach towards the industry and concept of cyber security becomes the part of National Strategy to save the Cyberspace (Elmaghraby and Losavio, 2014). However, this is work properly completely since the investment of security produced by the industry as per the needs of the corporate are not found to start with broader interest of the country.   So the important question here is that how extra investment will be generated for the companies or will there be any case for incentives as a part of a number of incentives based program to fill the gap that exists between security-based investment.   With this, there are additional forms that are required to save many critical infrastructure (Elmagh raby and Losavio, 2014). Some security-based surveys point out the need and it also reveal that there is lack of proper knowledge among many executive related to security-based policies and cases and the recent technological answer is based on leakage of data as well as financial level loss and the overall training that is required for the workforce. The overall cyberspace is also very low comparatively, and there are number legal concepts for many standards of care that are not present (Sadeghi et al., 2015). As discussed, the overall risk related to any attack is primarily dependent on three crucial factors which are threats, vulnerabilities, and the impacts. The overall management of risk towards the information system is based on basic to impactful cyber security. Threats are related to people that actually or sometimes potentially commit cyber attacks, and such people are widely mentioned as falling into a single or sometimes more than five cases which can be criminal's related intent on many monetary advantages from different crimes like extortion or theft (Sadeghi et al., 2015). There are many spies as well where the intention is of stealing the valuable and confidential information used by the private sector and government. Many nation-state players are working to grow different capabilities and also undertake a different kind of cyber attacks right in support of the country's objectives. The concept of cyber security in many ways comes with a kind of race between defenders. The sy stems of ICT are also very complex by nature, and the attackers are continuously looking for some weakness which can happen at many points of time. There are also many defenders that can also be saved against any weaknesses, but three specifically are challenges which are inadvertent or sometimes intentional. These act by different insiders with right kind of access to the system along with supply chain vulnerabilities that can allow different kind of insertions of many bad software or hardware as per the process of acquisition and unknown previously on nil vulnerabilities with no set fix (Reddy and Reddy, 2014). Even in the case of many kinds of vulnerabilities where the solution are known, and this may not be executed in many kinds of cases since there are a number of operational as well as budget issues. The important question here is what can be the main issues where a successful kind of attack can also compromise the private information, integrity and the presence of the ICT sy stem and the data one can handle. The concepts of cyber theft or any espionage-related to attacks can bring departure of much financial, personal as well as proprietary information where an attacker can benefit the most, and it happens without the proper knowledge of the victim. There are many denials of service kind of an attack which is slow by nature and also saves many users from accessing on the system (Reddy and Reddy, 2014). Many cyber-based attacks usually have a restricted influence but either way, a successful kind of attack is the one where different elements of many critical infrastructures. Many such issues are held by the privately owned sector and can have significant impacts on nationally based security, the economy and the daily lives as well as safety of single citizen. This is why; there are very few successful attacks with high-level influence that can pose on the larger issues than a common kind of successful issues with low influence (Scully, 2014). It can be recognized that cyber-based attacks which can be a costly process for people and companies, an economic influence that can be challenging to calculate and also estimates of different influenced widely. Following are some of challenges: - The concept of cyberspace is primarily based on many diverse IT networks along with many computer resources and every fixed as well as the mobile based device which is associated with the international internet. A cyberspace of a country is a part of the international space, and one cannot completely get isolated with what is defined as many boundaries since the concept is entirely borderless (Cavelty and Mauer, 2016). This is why the concept of cyberspace is unique by nature and unlines another physical world which is restricted by geography from land to sea to other natural sources. However, the issue of cyber attacks is becoming a constant problem, and the countries are now investing heavily in ICT infrastructure with an opinion to provide a higher amount of time to integrate various national economies with the international marketplace and also make sure that the people can access more e-services. The above-discussed security issues are increasing, and the main aim is to the inve stment and the safety of cyberinfrastructure. Cavelty, M.D. and Mauer, V., 2016.  Power and security in the information age: Investigating the role of the state in cyberspace. Routledge. Cherdantseva, Y., Burnap, P., Blyth, A., Eden, P., Jones, K., Soulsby, H. and Stoddart, K., 2016. A review of cyber security risk assessment methods for SCADA systems.  computers & security,  56, pp.1-27. Elmaghraby, A.S. and Losavio, M.M., 2014. Cyber security challenges in Smart Cities: Safety, security and privacy.  Journal of advanced research,  5(4), pp.491-497. Lam, J., 2016, June. IIET: Cyber security in modern power systems-Protecting large and complex networks. In  Cyber Security in Modern Power Systems, IET  (pp. 1-12). IET. Reddy, G.N. and Reddy, G.J., 2014. A Study of Cyber Security Challenges and its emerging trends on latest technologies.  arXiv preprint arXiv:1402.1842. Reddy, Y.B., 2015, April. Security and design challenges in cyber-physical systems. In  Information Technology-New Generations (ITNG), 2015 12th International Conference on  (pp. 200-205). IEEE. Sadeghi, A.R., Wachsmann, C. and Waidner, M., 2015, June. Security and privacy challenges in industrial internet of things. In  Design Automation Conference (DAC), 2015 52nd ACM/EDAC/IEEE  (pp. 1-6). IEEE. Scully, T., 2014. The cyber security threat stops in the boardroom.  Journal of business continuity & emergency planning,  7(2), pp.138-148. Ã…  endelj, R., Lombardi, F., Ognjanovi?, I. and Guarino, S., 2014. Cyber Security in Montenegro: Practice, Framework and Challenges. Van den Berg, J., van Zoggel, J., Snels, M., van Leeuwen, M., Boeke, S., van de Koppen, L., van der Lubbe, J., van den Berg, B. and de Bos, T., 2014. On (the Emergence of) Cyber Security Science and its Challenges for Cyber Security Education. In  Proceedings of the NATO IST-122 Cyber Security Science and Engineering Symposium  (pp. 13-14). .com is the ideal place for students, who often wonder, 'who can write my assignment for me'. The reason is, we have a pool of highly skilled and knowledgeable experts, who prepare highest quality academic papers in all domains. 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Introduction In this competitive business environment where every business organization is trying to attract the customers of each other, it becomes essential for ... MSc in Psychology 1896 - Completed Orders MiM (Masters in Management) in Supply Chain Management 93 - Completed Orders Masters in Management, MMgt 184 - Completed Orders MBA in Supply Chain 285 - Completed Orders That's our welcome gift for first time visitors Rated 4.9 / 5 Based On 14001 Reviews Copyright  © 2019 .com. All Rights Reserved Disclaimer: The reference papers provided by .com serve as model papers for students and are not to be submitted as it is. These papers are intended to be used for research and reference purposes only.

Gender stratification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Gender stratification - Essay Example Sexism, as used in this context, refers to the situation in which men are seen as superior beings and therefore, regarded as better suited to take on challenging tasks and education fields. On practical perspective, sexism has had severe consequences on women. As widely cited, sexism has always made women to strive to avoid impressing careers often seen as belonging to men. Perhaps, this might be hinged on the fact that their objective is to avoid the societal impression that they are much less desirable as mothers or spouses or even less feminine. Gender stratification often encompasses all the aspects of a person’s social life cutting across the social classes. As such, it relates the probabilities of both genders to the unequal access to property, power and prestige due to the sex differences. This area of interest explores social patterns coupled with cultural practices. When one dives into the mechanics of society workings, certain features are common to each and every co mmunity. In connection to this, there also exist differences in characteristics, traditions and customs. More particularly the differences observed in institutions of learning concerning the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics clearly points out this extended form of stratification. Gender identity is the classification of one as either male or female. It is how an individual sees himself or herself. It is the apparent manifestations that result from the personality of an individual. It has the ability to reflect on ones gender identity. Gender identity is self identified and results from intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Many at times gender identity can be confused with gender roles. The latter denotes behavior manifested by factors acquired through observation; this can be exemplified by behavior and appearance. Thus, the gender role is often an outward expression of a person’s gender identity. This article will endeavor to expound on such gender stra tification, with a focus on gender construction, gender socialization and the role of media. This being the case, five articles will be analyzed in a move to have a broader view of this discussion. Body According to the Broyles (2009) the gender pay gap of women in the United States that experiences and education accounted for most of the widespread gender gap. According to the findings of this article, work function and the employer accounts for most of the pay gap. Indeed, women hold positions in the lower paying chemistry positions. This article, well points out that work place diversity within the STEM professions is less likely to occur without the wage parity between men and women in the STEM professions. Elaborating further on this subject, this article asserts that, a way of achieving gender pay equity in the STEM professions must involve the federal tax incentives in order to ensure compliance with the standards stipulated by the federal pay equity standards. Giving a back up on this issue, the article by Shapiro and Williams point it out that, stereotype threats have played a role in undermining women performance as well as, reducing the interests of women in STEM fields (Shapiro & Williams 74). In one study, they observed that negative stereotypes presented by parents and the teachers shaped the interests of women and their abilities in the performance of STEM field. Indeed their

Information mangment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Information mangment - Essay Example Technology has changed a lot; from the way people manage their information to the way data is stored and also to the way it is distributed among people. Why the topic is important This topic is important because many people are not aware that they manage information in more than one way every day. Information management does not only involve the collection and management of data from different sources (Beynon-Davies, 56, 2009). It also involves the distribution of this information to one or more different other sources or individuals. Information management in business is used to do different things. The information management software is used to assist in running the business. An information management software in business helps connect a business with access to database servers, business intelligence, management of contents and also the protection of data from other sources that might cause data discrepancy. My argument in this essay Information management is an issue that is very important in business and the whole world as a general since it enables the secure storage of data, collection and management and also the distribution (McAfee, 300, 2009). Without information management, there would be an unstable system of business, technology and living as a whole. The essence of this essay will be to center on the significance of data technology in business and life as a general. Most people overlook the concept of information technology as something that would not aid them in their day to day lives. When it comes to developing data and managing it, it is very crucial that there be a source to which one can manage the data. Theories Since management means the overall organization, control, planning, structure and organization, controlling, processing, evaluating and reporting of all the information actions that transpire daily, it is then safe to say that information technology helps to meet client objectives and enable corporate functions in the delivery of inf ormation to people. In information management, there are numerous stipulations used in explaining the term. There is information retrieval, information seeking, knowledge organization, and the society. Without these four key aspects, then information management would cease to have meaning. Information management has been taken into an assumption by many, and the purpose of this essay is to show individuals that information management involves a lot than people may think. In an organization, the ability to process certain information brings out the power of a company to perform. An organization’s ability to process information strengthens a company’s core and management practices. Taking a look at social media, the quantity of data that is substituted in a single second can illustrate the level of management of data that is used. Social media is a networking site that enables people to interrupt with each other and share things like photos, videos, information pertainin g to themselves and many more stuff. Much information that is exchanged and also a lot of information are stored in the servers since social media’s contain a lot of people (Boddy, Boonstra & Kennedy, 100, 2005). With such information, it is crucial that an information management system be used to deal with all the data in the servers. Data pertaining to the people of social networks, the information that they exchange on a daily basis is stored in secure locations so as to maintain the

The Wife of Martin Guerre Essay Example for Free

The Wife of Martin Guerre Essay The wife of Martine Guerre by Janet Lewis is a 16thcentury love store set in the bleak and harsh society of medieval France. The main protagonist in the novel, Betrande De Roles is faced with an unusual and appalling situation when an imposter poses as her husband Martin, who has been absent for 8 years. Despite the belief of her husband, Bertrand is not to blame for the awful situation, but instead it is the family and those surrounding Betrande who are to blame for her acceptance of the imposter, ArnaueDeTil. Her husband’s sisters, Martins Uncle, the priest , her son Sanxi, Martin and even the imposter, ArnauDeTil, himself are all equally, if not more to blame for the situation that confronts the Guerre family. Bertrand lives the life that many women with well-off families lead in medieval France; she is married at the age of 11 and goes to live with the family of her betrothed husband at the age of 14. Although Bertrande and Martin initially do not care for one another (on their wedding night Martin hits Betrande, and when they are forced to share a bed, she is fearful of him), after a period of living together, Betrande and Martin find themselves attached to one another, and they share a special bond within the household â€Å"they were a camp within a camp†. Shortly after Betrande gives birth to a son, Sanxi and the household flourishes and prospers. When Martin decides to leave, due to fear of punishment from his father after stealing grain to plant his field, the peace and happiness within the household that Betrande and the family have so become accustom to, is disrupted. The untimely death of Martins Mother is an indication of how unstable the household becomes â€Å"she was not an old woman and it may have been possible, as her daughters believed that the illness which she suffered was greatly aggravated by the prolonged absence of her after the death of Martins father, Martins uncle Pierre takes over as head of the house, The households fragile and insecure state leaves them vulnerable, and thus when ArneauDeTil poses as Martin they are eager to accept him as the true Martin even though there are signs that suggest he is not the true Martin Guerre. Martin leaving was the triggering factor to the entire series of events, and thus Martin is just as much to blame in the situation that unfolds, as anyone. When Arnau DeTil comes into the household pretending to be Martin, both Pierre, Martins uncle and Martins sisters are thrilled. For Pierre, this means he is no longer head of the house, leaving these responsibilities to â€Å"Martin†. When Betrande begins having suspicions that this man who has entered into the household is not the real Martin, he suspicions are dismissed by both Pierre and Martins sisters. Pierre simply says that being in the world has â€Å"matured him†, and the sisters urge Bertrande not to say anything to anyone of her uncertainties. It is not until later in the novel, after an old friend of the real Martin arrives in Artigues and proves that Arneau is not the real Martin (he says that the real Martin has a wooden leg after losing it in battle) that Pierre begins to believe Bertrand’s suspicions. In comparison Martins sisters are trying to convince Bertrande to drop the allegation even during the Trials. Both Martin’s sisters and his uncle Pierres are to blame for the situation, as if they had initially listened to Bertrande when she insisted that something was wrong, the situation may not have unfolded as it did. In the novel, the priest plays a key role in convincing Bertrande that Arnau is the real Martin. When she goes to confess her concerns to him, she is dismissed and simply told to â€Å"be at rest and go in peace. The priest and Arnau form a friendship, and because of this the priest is eager not to let Bertande follow up these accusations. The priest also prefers the new Martin, he is religious, polite and caring towards the priest and the priest becomes a good friend of the Guerre household, being regularly invited over for dinner. Arnau DeTil is obviously the key component of the deception, posing as Martin and deceiving Bertrande and the household. DeTil is incredibly cunning, and seems to have an answer to all of Bertrandes problems. Whenever Betrande begins asking questions, DeTil seems to have an explanation, telling her not to worry, and acting concerned for her. He is able to do this for some time until eventually Betrande is completely convinced he is not her husband, but even then DeTil seems to have a solution, and he threatens Betrande, basically telling her that if he neeed to, he could convince the household she was mad. Bertrandes son, Sanxi warms to DeTil quickly, he loves his newfound father and the two build a very strong bond. Bertrandes love for her son could also be to blame for the deception, as seeing how happy Sanxi is with his â€Å"father†, she convinces herself it must be him. In conclusion, Betrande is not responsible for situation, as it is the many different people in her life and particularly within the household that are responsible for un-intentionally covering for the imposter, and convincing Bertrande that he is the real Martin.

The Mirror of Time and Memory. :: Essays Papers

The Mirror of Time and Memory. Live in the house-and the house will stand. I will call up any century, Go into it and build myself a house†¦ With shoulder blades like timber props I help up every day that made the past, With a surveyor’s chain I measure time And traveled through as if across the Urals. I only need my immortality For my blood to go on flowing from age to age. I would readily pay with my life For a safe place with constant warmth Were it not that life’s flying needle leads me on Through the world like a thread. Arseniy Tarkovsky The films of Andrey Arsen’evitch Tarkovsky fall into the separate genre of cinematic creations: they are more than drama or psychological thriller, more than philosophical cinema. Although Tarkovsky’s work has been deeply influenced with such prominent film directors as Kurosawa, Bunuel or Antonioni, the poetry of his father, Arseniy Tarkovsky, Boris Pasternak and many other Russian poets and writers, his films manage to form something completely unique to the mind of their director, convey a diaphanous psychological message. His cinematography is a celebration, a theatre of â€Å"imprinted time,† trapped with the skillful techniques of the plot-creating and camera usage of the director. As if in the ‘Zone’ of his Staler the art of Andrey Tarkovsky freezes the moment, the gasp of time, enclosed into almost sculpture-like solid creation that opens up to the viewer its nostalgic breeze. The time exists, it crystallizes in form of faerie, elfish ara besque figures and characters and yet it evaporates filling the space with a sense of solitude and sorrow for the past. Tarkovsky’s film Zerkalo or otherwise known as Mirror is a story of the human life; it is not quite a celebration of it; but rather a depiction of the web of the human senses. It is an autobiographic tribute to his abandoned by her husband during the war years mother, filled with the feelings of grief and amusement with her zealous self-sacrifice for the sake of her children. The narrator, or perhaps Tarkovsky himself, is trying to appease his guilty with indifference and scorn conscience with the memories of his childhood and attempts to relive or even incarnate the experiences of his past. The problems of the past are reflected and repeated in the present. Remembering Proust, Tarkovsky describes the effect of finishing Mirror:† Childhood memories which for years had given me no peace suddenly vanished, as if they had melted away, and at last I stopped dreaming about the house where I had lived so many years before .

Modern management

If Dollar General wished to raise the prices of an item that was previously priced lower than their competitor, there are a number of steps they should take to maintain control of the process. Perdue has eased the control of prices by building in some slack in the pricing system to allow for raised prices. The first step is precontrol, in this case determination of the appropriate price – i.e. controlling price changes so that they can raise the price of the product without losing too many sales. This requires analysis of the price elasticity of the item in order to determine how much they can raise the price. The second step is concurrent control – communication of the new price to the stores, which may include provision of new price tags, communication through company channels such as email or generated reports, etc. and monitoring by managers to make sure the price changes are implemented. The third step, of feedback control, is monitoring the price change in order to make sure that the price change did not produce more than the accepted loss of sales as determined in step one.   These steps will allow the stores to implement a higher price on a previously lower-priced product. ‘The CEO should consider the relatively low sales at higher square footage stores to be a symptom of a problem, not a problem in and of itself. Dollar General’s store layouts and inventory assignments are tightly controlled and optimized for maximum efficiency and sales. However, most of their stores are smaller stores, averaging 7,000 square feet or less. This puts the larger stores at a disadvantage because they are carrying a mix of products that may not be optimal for the store size. This means that the lower sales per square foot is a symptom of a non-optimal inventory mix and layout superimposed on a larger store, not a problem in and of itself. While it should be solved, it can be solved indirectly by analyzing the inventory and layout needs of the larger stores rather than directly tackling the lower sales. A discount retailer such as Dollar General should use all three types of control (precontrol, concurrent control and feedback control) when attempting to control shrink. Precontrol can include such measures as establishing shrink management practices, such as careful cash control and cash handling training for employees, stock handling procedures, and security, in order to prevent common anticipated problems. Concurrent control, such as monitoring of security systems and active employee observation, can prevent shrink from shoplifting and excess employee waste. Finally, feedback control in the form of incentives such as bonuses or prizes for stores with low shrink percentages can help to reinforce the precontrol and concurrent control measures taken. Control measures are most effective when all potential routes of control loss are considered and actions are taken at the appropriate level to deal with them. It would not be appropriate or effective for a manager or other controller to attempt to poor cash handling after each incident   – it is more effective to develop policies that mandate teaching employees proper cash handling beforehand. 1. Information quality is the degree to which information represents reality. Information timeliness is the extent to which the receipt of information allows decisions to be made in a timely manner in order to allow the business to benefit from its use. Nike is using the information gained from its information systems to determine its required inventory levels, which are dependent on the projecte d demand for the product. This means that information quality is important because less than quality information could mean that Nike focuses its manufacturing and distribution efforts in less than optimal areas. The initial implementation of the information system generated more than $100 million in incorrect orders due to lack of information quality. Information timeliness is also important to Nike. Because the information system is tied to the manufacturing and distribution system, the timeliness of the information provided directly impacts the organization’s ability to produce and distribute the appropriate inventory. If the information is not provided in a timely manner, the manufacturing and sales may appear to be reactive rather than proactive, and Nike may miss the top of their demand curve because information was provided too slowly or because the system generated orders too early. 2. The security issues for Nike’s sales forecasting and factory order system include automated threats such as worms, viruses etc, and internal sabotage by disgruntled employees and external breach by either hackers or industrial spies. Automated threats are a threat at any time when a system is connected to the Internet; while it is less common now than in the past, viruses may also be transmitted via infected media such as CD-Rom or removable solid-state media. Internal sabotage by disgruntled employees can also be a problem; in order to mitigate this, permissions and access to the system should be handled on a minimum required basis (each employee should be given only the permissions required to perform his or her job, and permissions should be actively managed as employees move from task to task). Outside breaches by hackers or industrial spies is a concern for Nike because they are a high-profile company in a highly competitive business, making them a tempting target for hackers to try to gather lucrative information from their information systems. 3. Currently Nike targets individual groups of consumers with games and information online that is targeted to their special interests, and provides an IM-based game for soccer fans. There are a number of other uses for the World Wide Web that could help Nike communicate with its customers. They could use online surveying techniques and online feedback forums to enhance their market strategies and improve their products and address customer complaints. They could also utilize the Web as a central platform for their marketing strategy, including running specially designed Web sites for high-profile new products, creating customer contests, games and trivia and building a Nike community around their sites. Nike also has opportunities to create product tie-ins based on the Web. Their IM soccer game is a prototype of a way in which games or custom-branded software can keep the Nike brand in front of their customers all the time. Streaming media allows for music and movie tie-ins delivered via the Web. Nike could also use the Web for internal purposes. For example, an employee recruiting web site could increase the number and quality of their job applicants, as well as provide a prescreening facility for the HR organization. Skillful use of the Web also portrays the image of a technologically savvy and forward-looking company, which is vital to its market viability. Modern management 1. Organizational resources are the prime variables that ultimately translate into the cumulative compilation of production output. It can be stated that production is the final result that is instrumented by several processes that make up the basic procedure of the production unit. The term ‘organizational resource’ can be enumerated as a compilation of different aspects that include variables like personnel, motivation, cost of raw materials, supply chain management, knowledge management, material processing and market forecast analysis. All these together ensure the success of the ultimate quality and quantity of the production along with the favorable pricing per unit for the produced output. Thus it could be mentioned that the relation between the organizational resources and the production is inseparable and vital for the health of the industry. For an industry to obtain favorable conditions in the market it is necessary to formulate a strategy that would enable the organization to keep every aspect of the units involved in a well passed manner. The purchase of material would ensure that the value is obtained out of the purchase while the supply chain would ensure that there is no wastage of materials and the materials are presented to the processing unit in proper time. The same principals are true with the processing units too. The efficiency level of the personnel involved along with their motivation level ensures the best possible production out of the initial possesses involved. Thus it could be stated that organizational resources and production relation is vital and inseparable for any organization and the ultimate success of an organization is ensured by this relation. (Lamb, 2004) 2. The aspects of managerial effectiveness and efficiency are interrelated and are highly potent if applied in a well formulated manner. Any industry survives on the potential of the strategy that is taken and implemented by the management of that industry. As a result the prime factor that should be instigated in the organizational operational activities is the proper and smooth transaction of managerial effectiveness and efficiency into an enhanced and even relationship. The relationship between managerial effectiveness and efficiency is vital for an organization because for any industry effective personnel at suitable position are a primal factor for success. A person might be very efficient at formulation and modeling strategy. But the same person might not be an effective administrator. That is way it becomes important to position the best person possible at position where the efficiency could be yielded at maximum. Thus relation between managerial effectiveness and efficiency becomes an object of prime concern for any organization. It can be stated that by the term managerial effectiveness it is understood as the positional utility of a personnel whereas by the term efficiency it is reflected that the potential of the positional utility is utilized in full.   To compile and relate these two important variables it is important to evaluate the human resource structure at its maximum to yield the utmost possible result. The success and failure of an organization largely depends on such a formulation and practical implementation of the human resource department at its highest extent. The managerial effectiveness and efficiency is the keystone of success and the competitive advantage of an organization is dependent on such important organizational factors or variables. (King, 2001) References: King, H; (2001); Management Principals Today; HBT & Brooks Ltd Lamb, Davis; (2004); Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata; National Book Trust. Modern Management Corporate Social Responsibility is the duty of the management of the company to ensure that the welfare of the society is brought about along with promoting the development and wellbeing of the company.   It is the duty of the manager to ensure that both the social interests and the organizational interests are maintained and developed (Cresto, 2006).   However, at the moment, the opinion regarding corporate involvement in social responsibilities is differing.   The arguments for and against social responsibility activities by the corporate could be considered.Positive outcomes for the business by performing social responsibility activities:-The good name and the reputation of the company would be promoted as they would perform their duty of maintaining and developing the interests of the society.  As the interests of the society are improved, the social system would improve and this could also be beneficial for the corporate.  The management of the corporate would be more interested in maintaining the interests of the society along with the organization.   Hence, the Human resources that would be a part of the corporate would be of high quality.As the organization would mutually benefit with the society, the ability of the company to grow and survive in that particular society would be higher.   Hence, the corporate could move into identifying and organizing certain long-term plans.   On a long-term basis, the chances of developing sustained profits would be higher if social interests are maintained.  The unemployment rates in the society and the job satisfaction in the company would improve due to the economic growth felt by the corporate presence.  If the consumers are a part of the society, the chances of developing and maintaining relationships with them would be higher.]Negative outcomes for the business by performing social responsibility activities:-  According to Friedman, the chances of the management to indulge in unethical prac tices are higher so as to make profits that would ensure performance of social responsibilities.They could be a conflict within the management or outside the management for maintaining the goals of the organization or the goals of the society.The corporate would be spending the money of the consumers on maintaining and developing the interests of the society.   This could raise the prices of the goods or services produced by the company.   Consumers may prefer to purchase a product or services from a company that does not have a social benefit policy than a company that does, as the price is more likely to be less.The stakeholders of the corporate and the potential investors may not want to invest in that particular company, as they fear that they would be losing their money on social beneficial activities. The company would be using fewer resources on production (as the financial resources are spending on social interests).   The production would decrease and the chances of h aving higher amounts of profit would be lowered.   The company’s ability to develop a stronger long-term plan would be less likely.A Multinational corporation (MNC’s) is a company that has its presence felt in more than one nation across the World or does business at the global level.   The term MNC’s was utilized in the 1970’s in the US.   MNC’s usually do not consider national barriers that would restrict business.   Recently, the foreign investment in the US has improved drastically, and the chances of it improving further in the future are realistically high.   The process of a company becoming a multinational occurs in stages.In the first stage, the company merely exports products to foreign nations.   In the second stage, the company develops sales units in the foreign nations.   In the third stage, the company would permit foreign-based companies to make and sell their products and services under the main company’s name.    In the fourth stage, manufacturing units are set up by the company in the foreign nation.   In the fifth step, the management of the company is multi-nationalized in such a way that a corporate decision in the parent company would be affected in the foreign nations.   In the last stage, the ownership of the company is multi-nationalized.Two companies that are US-based MNC’s include General Electric and IBM.   General Electric had sales of $ 129, 853 million in the year 2001 (Listed by Forbes Global).   The portion of foreign sales was about 33 % and the net profits were about $ 12, 735 million.   It has $ 437, 006 million as assets and it market value is about 406, 525 million $.   The enterprise value of the company is about 613, 268 million $.   IBM has sales of about $ 88, 396 million in the year, and its foreign sales is about 58 % of the total sales.   Its net profit of about $ 8, 093 million, and its total assets is about 88, 349 million $.   It h as a market value of about 167, 206 million dollars and the enterprise value is about 194, 097 million $ (Cresto, 2006).Two foreign investors MNC’s that have invested in the US include Daimler Chrysler AG (from Germany) which is an automobile company and ING Group (from Netherlands) which offers financial services.   Daimler Chrysler AG had a total revenue of 86, 071 million $ in the year 2001 in the US, and its total assets in the US was more than 82, 000 million $ in the US.   The ING Group had revenue of about 14, 997 million $ in the year 2001 in the US and its net income was about 442 million US $ (Cresto, 2006).References:Cresto, S. C. and Cresto, S. T. (2006). Chapter 3: Corporate Social Responsibility and Business Ethics, Modern Management, (10th ed), New Jersey: Upper Saddle River, pp. 50-76.Cresto, S. C. and Cresto, S. T. (2006). Chapter 2: Modern Management Challenges, Modern Management, (10th ed), New Jersey: Upper Saddle River, pp. 80-102.Cresto, S. C. and Cr esto, S. T. (2006). Chapter 2: Modern Management Challenges, Modern Management, (10th ed), New Jersey: Upper Saddle River, pp. 106-111.

Vinland Saga’s

VINLAND SAGAS: THE QUEST TO NORTH AMERICA BY: KAMALJOT BRAR 5206404 HISTORY 1F90 PREPARED FOR: AARON RODENBURG 3, THURSDAY, 1000-1100 DUE: OCTOBER 11th 2012, SUBMIT: OCTOBER 11th 2012 A saga is described to be a short story with historical significance that summarizes in detail events that took place during a certain period of time. In terms of Ancient Scandinavia and the Viking Age, sagas are stories of voyages of Vikings that include subjects like migration, battles, and family and inter-societal interactions.These sagas were written by unknown authors well after the actual events occurred. The Vinland Sagas translated by Keneva Kunz and edited by Gisli Sigurdsson includes two accounts of the Norse voyage to North America; The Saga of the Greenlanders and Eirik the Red’s Saga. Both sagas help to describe the journey to discover North America. However, each tell the prose in a different perspective. The differences between the two sagas include the initial accidental discover y of lands west of Greenland, the discovery of Keel Point, and the voyage by Thorvald.On the other hand there were also similar aspects of the sagas that include the way the western lands were discovered and named, the story behind Leif and the shipwrecked crew, and the length of the voyages. While both sagas are detailing the events of the Icelandic migration to North America, they are not completely identical in the way the events are summarized. One difference between the two sagas is the initial discovery of the lands to the west of Greenland. In The Saga of the Greenlanders, after Bjarni initially noticed the lands to the west, curiosity spread amongst the people of new lands.Leif was the first to venture to the West in hopes to find the lands; he soon purchased Bjarni’s ship and led on a voyage of his own with fellow companions. 1 However, Eirik the Red’s Saga records the initial discovery of the new lands by the voyage by Karlsefni and Gudrid who were accompanie d by Freydis, Thorvard, Thorvald, and Thorhall. 2 This shows the discrepancy between the sagas and questions validity of who actually found and named the lands. The 1 second difference between the two accounts is the origin of Keel Point.The first saga tells the reader after Thorvald’s ship was wrecked, he announced to his companions that the spot of this unfortunate event will be called Keel Point. 3 Instead, the second saga reveals that Keel Point was just another piece of land named by Karlsefni and Gudrid’s voyage, after they witnessed seeing a keel of a boat around that area. 4 This difference outlines the different perspective the writers had in the story, it forces one to question the meaning of that ship wreck. Another difference is the role of Thorvald, and how it differs between the two sagas.Thorvald in the first saga is seen more independent as he leads his own voyage with his own companions after he thinks Leif did an inadequate job in exploring Vinland. 5 His role in the second saga is altered. He does not lead his own voyage, instead travels along with Karlsefni and Gudrid during their voyage to Vinland. 6 The less importance of Thorvald in the second saga makes historians believe that the writer of the first saga could have been closer to Thorvald which gives him more of an image. Along with the differences, the sagas do have many details of the voyages that can be closely comparable.In both the sagas the reader is told about the discovery of the lands west of Greenland by an accidental occurrence. The first saga describes Bjarni’s discovery of the lands to happen after his ship is blown off course to Greenland where he was going to meet with his father. 7 This is similar to the second saga where Leif finds Vinland by chance, when he is tossed about in the sea while on his way to Greenland to spread Christianity. This allows one to validate the route taken by the voyagers to North America. Another similarity between the two accounts is the story about Leif and how he earned the nickname Lucky.In the first saga, Leif comes across a group of stranded men 8 2 on a skerry and ends up rescuing fifteen of them. 9 This story is alike to the one from the second saga. Leif on his way to Greenland comes across a shipwreck, where he finds men in trouble; he ends up taking them home and sheltering them during the winter. 10 Thus, he gains the nickname Leif the Lucky. This similarity not only shines light on Leif Eirikkson, but also helps to confirm Leif’s voyage to Greenland, since both the accounts agree upon the event.The last similarity is the close connection between the lengths of the voyages. During Leif’s voyage in the first saga it is said that the time spent at sea between one point to another was two days. From Markland to the discovery of Vinland it took Leif two days at sea. 11 Likewise in the second saga the voyage of Karlsefni and Gudrid had similar lengths to the voyage of Leif. Ident ically to Leif, Karlsefni’s voyage from Markland to Vinland also took two days at sea. 12 Since both sagas describe the oyages to have taken the some amount of time, it allows historians to value this source in validating the discovery of the lands because there is no discrepancy between the length of time spent at sea. As a secondary source The Vinland Sagas prove to be a valuable piece of history. Not only because the sagas are the only account available from the 11th and 12th century, but that the accounts together help to piece together the voyages made by the Vikings to America. Together the sagas compliment each other because they help to give different perspective of the Vikings discovery.Since there are many similarities between the two, it allows historians to infer that the sagas truly are factual pieces of evidence to the past. They are also important because it removes the stereotype of the Vikings being nothing but pure savages. It shows that the Vikings were suc cessful pioneers and made profound discoveries 3 In conclusion the sagas hold both differences and similarities. The differences they had was the person who initially had discovered and named the new found land, the origin of the place called Keel Point, and the role of Thorvald as a voyager.In contrast the similarities they held included the naming and way the lands were discovered, Leif’s reputation of being Lucky, and the identical travel time on sea. Although the sagas may fluctuate with the differences and similarities, this source of history is still very feasible and valuable when looking back to the 11th and 12th century during the Viking Age. 4 Notes 1. Gisli Sigurdsson, â€Å"The Saga of the Greenlanders† In The Vinland Sagas, trans. Keneva Kunz (London: Penguin, 2008), 5-7. 2. Gisli Sigurdsson, â€Å"Eirik the Red’s Saga† In The Vinland Sagas, trans. Keneva Kunz (London: Penguin, 2008), 40-41. . Sigurdsson, Greenlanders, 10. 4. Sigurdsson, Eiri k the Red, 41. 5. Sigurdsson, Greenlanders, 9-10. 6. Sigurdsson, Eirik the Red, 40. 7. Sigurdsson, Greenlanders, 4. 8. Sigurdsson, Eirik the Red, 34-35. 9. Sigurdsson, Greenlanders, 8-9. 10. Sigurdsson, Eirik the Red, 35. 11. Sigurdsson, Greenlanders, 6. 12. Sigurdsson, Eirik the Red, 41. 5 Bibliography Sigurdsson, Gisli. â€Å"Eirik the Red's Saga. † In The Vinland Sagas. Translated by Keneva Kunz London: Penguin, 2008. 23-51. Sigurdsson, Gisli. â€Å"The Saga of the Greenlanders . † In The Vinland Sagas. Translated by Keneva Kunz London: Penguin, 2008. 1-23. 6

Racial Discrimination, Deviance, and Redemption in “Crash” Essays

Racial Discrimination, Deviance, and Redemption in â€Å"Crash† Essays Racial Discrimination, Deviance, and Redemption in â€Å"Crash† Paper Racial Discrimination, Deviance, and Redemption in â€Å"Crash† Paper Paul Haggis’ (2004) movie â€Å"Crash† is a powerful portrayal on the way in which racial discrimination as a complex social problem affects the lives of people. Set in Los Angeles, the movie shows how different people often â€Å"crash† into each other’s lives and unconsciously create ripples in these interactions. The effectivity of Higgis’ depiction lies on the utter simplicity by which the movie is able to show the nuances of interlocking problems from multiple perspectives. Interestingly, the movie also poses the problem of coping in a multi-cultural society where racism is almost a norm in itself and shows how gender and socio-economic gaps contribute to and reinforce racial stereotypes and biases. The film’s exploration on the barriers erected by racial, gender, and income disparities is perhaps best portrayed by Matt Dillon who plays the character John Ryan, a police officer who has been working for seventeen years with the Los Angeles Police Department. Ryan is a single, white, male who lives with and takes care of his aging father off-duty and who spends most of the time in the movie demanding a better doctor from his father’s healthcare company. Ryan is both a dutiful son to his father and the police force, however, his character harbors the frustration resulting from the conflicts of his status as a male Caucasian in the lower rungs of the economic ladder which prevents him from providing better quality of healthcare to his ailing father. It is from thses conflicting roles that his bitterness and disdain towards privileged people of color arises. Most of the poignant scenes which emphasize his bitterness and his attempt to compensate for his disadvantaged position show Ryan attempting to get back at his perceived tormentors either by physically or verbally harassing them using his position as a police officer and his status as a Caucasian. In the early part of the film, for instance, he is the stereotypical white, racist cop who stops an SUV driven for no apparent reason than the fact that it is driven by a black American and proceeds to create false charges against him. Clearly a case of selective perception where people are almost always quick to prejudge other people based on the color of their skin or other stereotypes, Ryan treats the man, a film director, like a common criminal. Unfortunately, the man’s wife, played by Thandie Newton, sees the cop’s real agenda for stopping them and protests arrogantly that â€Å"You thought you saw a white woman performing fellatio on a black man? †¦ †¦? that’s why you stopped us. † (Haggis, 2004) This visibly enrages Ryan who, not wanting to show weakness and lose his power in front of his much younger police partner, retaliates by subjecting the woman to a body search and sexually offending her. The act is both an offense and an insult against the woman and her husband, who are forced to endure the harassment and even apologize to the police officer for a supposed crime. In another scene, Ryan pays Shaniqua a personal visit to discuss his father’s deteriorating health and painful condition which expectedly ends in conflict when he subjects her to racial slurs in an attempt to compel her to do more for his father. He tells her of his father’s effort to provide employment in his business and of the loss he suffered when the Government started adopting a preference for companies owned by racial minorities. She is not moved by Ryan’s tirade of his father’s contribution to the African-American community, however, because of Ryan’s racist remarks and instead tells him that she would have signed the necessary papers if Ryan had been nicer.

Marketing Across Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Marketing Across Cultures - Essay Example Thus what is seen is just as important as what is written or what is spoken. Therefore visual or non-verbal communications about brands and products must be adapted to culture to connect with people in high context cultures. In particular, people from high context cultures are more socially oriented and prefer to have face-to-face, or interpersonal dealings in communications (Usunier & Lee, 2009). The idea is to establish some sort of a connection to consumers in high context cultures. For example, when distributing goods in places like China, Japan and India, connections can be made by appealing to local cultural symbols. Japan’s high uncertainty avoidance culture makes it the most difficult market for foreigners to penetrate. High uncertainty avoidance cultures are usually not amenable to anything new or uncertain. Thus the state and social norms typically implement rules and norms to restrict the introduction of uncertainty in terms of the introduction of anything or any ph enomenon that is foreign or different. China and India are cultures that are more amenable to uncertainty than Japan is (Usunier & Lee, 2009). Many products fulfill both a functional need as well as a social need. When deciding how much to adapt an existing product for a new foreign market, which type of need should a marketer focus on? Explain your answer. When adapting an existing product for a new foreign market the marketer should focus on social needs. For example in masculine cultures where men make a majority of the purchasing decisions, the product should be adapted to appeal to men. Likewise, in â€Å"highly feminine individualist cultures† the social and financial burdens are shared by men and women (Usunier & Lee, 2009, p. 71). Thus when adapting an existing product to this culture, the product does not have to be gender-specific. However other cultural norms may require adaptation. For example, explicit images displaying some degree of nudity in packaging may be o ffensive to some cultures. A food product such as a soup brand may want to replace a soup made of forbidden meat products with a more appropriate meat in countries where the meat is not an acceptable food source. This will be particularly important in high uncertainty avoidance cultures. High feminine collectivist cultures are similar to high feminine individualist cultures in that men and women share responsibilities for economic and social decisions. However, these individuals typically lack individual authority. Thus products must be adapted so that they appeal to this group dynamic. It therefore follows that products should be more family oriented as high feminine collectivist cultures emphasize the importance of the family as a whole. As Usunier and Lee (2009), in high feminine collectivist cultures, the entire family has a significant influence on â€Å"consumption behaviour† (Usunier & Lee, 2009, p. 71). Comparing a supermarket in Tokyo, Japan with one in Dallas, Texas , which of the two is likely to have higher sales of snacks and sweets (Items usually found near the cash register at the checkout)? Explain your answer using the most relevant cultural dimension. Items are typically placed near the cash register in supermarkets and other stores generally to appeal to impulsive or unplanned consumer purchasing behaviour. Asian cultures are typically linked to the collectivist dimension of

Pros and Cons of Legalizing Marijuana, Cocaine and Heroin Research Paper

Pros and Cons of Legalizing Marijuana, Cocaine and Heroin - Research Paper Example Currently the largest problem facing Florida is cocaine followed by marijuana. The use of heroin remains low except for Boca Raton and Miami-Dade. The greatest numbers of people turning to drug rehabilitation centers do so due to marijuana addiction. In 2007 alone more than 13,000 people entered treatment facilities in Florida to deal with marijuana addiction. Around 47% of these people were aged between 12 and 17 years of age. Similarly the number of cocaine addicts seeking help was some 10,000 in 2007. It has also been estimated that some 380,000 people in Florida are addicted to illicit drugs but did not seek any help (Narconon, 2011). When the Florida drug scene is considered, it is noticeable that the abuse of legal drugs is much higher in Florida than the abuse of illegal drugs. In 2006 alone some 1,400 people in Florida died from overdoses of benzodiazepines such as Xanax or from overdoses of a narcotic such as OxyContin. On the other hand some 633 people died in Florida in 2006 from cocaine overdose. Moreover most of the marijuana that is found in Florida is grown locally rather than imported. Between 2006 and 2008 the number of indoor marijuana plants eradicated shot up from 36,000 to 78,000. (Narconon, 2011) All in all the Florida legal and illegal drugs scenario presents a grim picture that needs further support from the government in order to deal with this menace at large. Drugs such as marijuana, cocaine and heroin have been legalized in certain parts of the world such as the Netherlands but the impact of these policies is often underplayed or overplayed in order to make an argument. In order to realize the true impacts of such policies, it is pertinent to consider the peculiar socio-economic circumstances that surround the legalization of drugs in these nations. Portugal decriminalized the possession of drugs for personal use in 2001. By law anyone caught with such drugs was subject to therapy and